In asynchronous counters we find the output of one stage connects directly to the clock input of the next stage. This setup causes a problem called “Propagation Delay.” Here the timing signal is delayed slightly as it passes through each flip-flop. In contrast synchronous counters have all their stages clocked together at the same time. […]
Circuits
Analyzing Waveforms Generated by RC Circuits
RC circuits have the ability to create various output shapes or waveforms, depending on the type and frequency (or period) of the signal applied to the input terminals. It is similar to how the circuit “reacts” differently based on what is provided to it. In earlier lessons on RC Charging and Discharging we learned that […]
Understanding Quartz Crystal Oscillator Circuits, with Calculations
Quartz crystal oscillators allow us to overcome a number of issues that may have a substantial impact on the frequency stability of an oscillator circuit. These influences include, but are not restricted to, temperature variations, fluctuations in the load connected to the oscillator, and even changes in the DC power supply voltage. All of these […]
LC Oscillator Circuits: Explained with Calculations
An LC oscillator is a circuit which we can use to transform a direct current (DC) supply voltage into an alternating current (AC) output waveform. This output can exhibit various types of waveform shapes and frequencies which might range from complex forms to simple pure sine waves depending on the specific application requirements. These oscillators […]
Understanding Butterworth Filter Circuits with Formulas
We know that the Butterworth filter is a useful tool for electronics professionals but there is a trade-off with its performance. It is superior to other filter types in that it produces a completely flat response in the passband and stopband, but this ideal characteristic comes at the price of a wider transition band. This transition […]
Understanding Second Order Filter Circuits with Formulas
Second-order filters, often known as VCVS filters since their operational amplifier works like a Voltage Controlled Voltage Source amplifier, are a critical category in active filter design. These serve as fundamental elements for the construction of higher-order filter circuits, extending on previously researched active first-order RC filters. Our analysis of analog filters has included both passive […]