Second-order filters, often known as VCVS filters since their operational amplifier works like a Voltage Controlled Voltage Source amplifier, are a critical category in active filter design. These serve as fundamental elements for the construction of higher-order filter circuits, extending on previously researched active first-order RC filters. Our analysis of analog filters has included both passive […]
Circuits
Understanding Active Band Pass Filter Circuits with Formulas
Before we begin our tutorial on active band pass filter circuits, let’s first look at the passband characteristics of several filter types. Low-Pass Filters (LPFs): An LPF’s passband begins at 0 Hz (DC) and extends to the set cut-off frequency (fC). This cut-off frequency corresponds to -3 dB with respect to the maximum passband gain. […]
Active High Pass Filter Circuits Explained with Calculations
Although the fundamental filtering mechanism continues to be the same as in the passive RC filter, the active high-pass filter (HPF) integrates an operational amplifier (op-amp) to provide some essential characteristics. Gain & Control: The op-amp amplifies and controls the gain response of the filter. This is a huge benefit over passive high-pass filters, which […]
Understanding Current Divider Circuits, with Calculations
Basically, circuits with parallel components serve as current dividers. Through these circuits, the supply’s total current is divided among many parallel pathways. A practical connectivity system is formed by all components sharing the same two connecting points. With this configuration, the current can flow through a variety of branches and routes. Interestingly, each component’s current […]
Understanding Inductive Voltage Divider Circuits with Formulas
In many electrical circuits, inductive voltage dividers serve an important function in dividing an alternating current voltage source into smaller, more controllable voltages. The inductors in these circuits function by continuously resisting fluctuations in current. Inductors’ ability to effectively split voltage comes from this feature. We can build an inductive voltage divider in different ways. […]
Understanding Capacitive Voltage Divider Circuits with Formulas
Capacitive voltage dividers are circuits, which employ capacitors in series with an alternating current (AC) power supply to produce a voltage drop across each capacitor. The most common use for these circuits is, to safely decrease extremely high voltages for measurements or protection. High frequency capacitive voltage dividers are increasingly being used in touchscreens and […]