A bidirectional counter is a synchronous binary counter that can count both up and down. We can use it to count towards a specific value or back to zero. We can count upwards from zero to a preset value. Sometimes we also need to count down from a defined value to zero. This feature allows […]
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How MOSFETs Work: Depletion Type, Enhancement Type
In this post I will talk about another form of Field Effect Transistor (FET) that is not the Junction Field Effect Transistor (JFET) that you are probably familiar with. This device is known as the Metal Oxide Semiconductor Field Effect Transistor (MOSFET) and is classified as Insulated Gate Field Effect Transistors (IGFET). The MOSFET is […]
How PNP Transistors (BJTs) Work
When we talk of PNP BJTs, they are essentially the reverse of NPN transistors in structure. Instead of having two diodes alligned in the same direction, PNP transistors have them flipped around. This forms a Positive-Negative-Positive (PNP) configuration. If you look at the symbol for a PNP transistor, you will notice that there is an […]
How NPN Transistors (BJTs) Work: Explained with Calculations
In the previous tutorial we took a good look at the standard Bipolar Junction Transistors, which is often referred to as the BJT. We learned that it actually comes in two main types which are known as the NPN configuration, standing for Negative-Positive-Negative, and the PNP configuration which means Positive-Negative-Positive. So basically we have two […]